Negative Ion

Negative ions are electrically-charged particles in the air that remove airborne contaminates from the air we breathe, and have a juvenescence effect when interacting with physiological systems (such as the respiratory system).

Negative ions are odorless, tasteless, and invisible molecules that we inhale in abundance in certain environments. Air near waterfalls, mountains, beaches and forests are loaded with millions of negative ions. After a lightning storm, most of us feel invigorated and refreshed. This is because the electrical storm has generated billions of negative ions that ease tension and leave us full of energy.

Ion Basics
Ions are molecules that have gained or lost an electrical charge. They are created in nature as air molecules break apart due to sunlight, radiation, and moving air and water. You may have experienced the power of negative ions when you last set foot on the beach or walked beneath a waterfall. While part of the euphoria is simply being around these wondrous settings and away from the normal pressures of home and work, the air circulating in the mountains and the beach is said to contain tens of thousands of negative ions, much more than the average home or office building,
which contain dozens or hundreds, and many register a flat zero.

The action of the pounding surf creates negative ions and we also see it immediately after spring thunderstorms when people report lightened moods," says ion researcher Michael Terman, PhD, of Columbia University in New York. In fact, Columbia University studies of people with winter and chronic depression show that negative ion generators relieve depression as much as antidepressants. "The best part is that there are relatively no side effects", he says.

How Negative Ions Purify the Air?
Virtually all particles in the air have a positive charge, while negative ions have a negative charge. In which case, negative ions and particles magnetically attract to one another. When there is a high enough concentration of negative ions in the air, they will attract to floating particles in large numbers. This causes the particle to become too heavy to remain airborne. As a result, the particle will fall out of the air, preventing it from being inhaled into the respiratory tract where it can trigger breathing and health problems.


The ionized particle will then be collected by normal cleaning activities, such as vacuuming or dusting. If the particle happens to be kicked back up into the air again, it will be ionized, and quickly settled out of the air once again.

In nature, negative ions are generated by processes such as sunlight, lightening, waves from the ocean, and from waterfalls. And in the commercial or industrial use, negative ions are commonly generated by corona discharge through carbon fiber or needle.

Studies Proving the Effectiveness of Negative Ions Click here for more detail

HEPA Filter

HEPA stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air, and a true HEPA filter is widely regarded as the ultimate filter.
In World War II the Atomic Energy Commission needed a filter to protect researches from radioactive dust particles that might present a health hazard to them. The HEPA filter was born. It traps particles as tiny as 0.3 microns with an efficiency rating of 99.97%.
To give you an idea of the size of a micron, it takes 24,500 microns to equal 1 inch (2.54 cm). Conversely, 4/10,000ths of an inch equals one micron. In metric terms, a single micron is 1 millionth of a meter. A particle of 10 microns is invisible to the naked eye. Pollen ranges between 5-100 microns. Human hair is between 70-100 microns.


How small is a .3 micron?
The rating for a HEPA filter is based on capturing nearly all microns 0.3 in size, verses .1 or even .001 because .3 microns are the hardest size to trap and the optimal size for passing into the human respiratory system. Therefore the .3 micron efficiency rating sets the highest standard.

A HEPA filter is so efficient that for every 10,000 particles that enter the filter within its filtering range, only 3 particles will get through. Surprisingly, HEPA filters become even more efficient the longer they are in use. For this reason HEPA filters are used in environments that rely on high clean-air standards. Surgical facilities, tuberculosis wards, NASA clean rooms, and laboratories are a few examples of environments that utilize HEPA filters. HEPA filters are particularly useful for allergy sufferers.

Indoor Air Quality and Benefits of HEPA Filter
The air in homes, offices and schools are polluted with chemicals, organic materials particulate and microbiological. Our indoor environment contains allergens, pollutants, chemicals, gas, particles, dust mites, mold, etc. The respiratory tract-nose, sinus, and lungs struggle daily against these contaminants. Indoor air can cause headaches, red eye, digestive problems, dizziness, chronic fatigue, congestion and many other chronic and acute diseases. More than every third adult, child, or infant has allergies, asthma, and respiratory distress or suffers the effects from sick building syndrome. Asthma is the number one leading cause of upper respiratory illness in children. HEPA air purifiers can and will provide relief for them.

Use of HEPA Air Purifier can help everyone:
● stay healthier
● sleep more soundly
● work more efficiently
● be more creative
● study more effectively

HEPA air purification is rapidly coming into applications such as isolation of patients under treatment immunological isolation, care for burn victims, orthopedic etc.

Activated Carbon Filter

Activated carbon filters behave as sponges and trap most airborne gases and odors. Activated carbon is charcoal that has been treated with oxygen to open millions of small pores between the carbon atoms. These pores adsorb harmful gases and odors. Due to the large surface area of the carbon granules, carbon filters are excellent at trapping gases that pass through traditional particle filters. However, as the pores become filled with trapped contaminants the filters loose effectiveness and will need to be replaced.


The Capacity of Activated Carbon
Activated carbon adsorbs to its surface. When there are no more surfaces left to adsorb to the carbon, it is depleted of its capability to be effective. Large amounts of carbon will last longer then small amounts because it has larger amounts of surface area for adsorption. Also, depending on amounts of pollutants being adsorbed, a small amount of carbon can be depleted within weeks making it useless.

The Thickness of An Activated Carbon Filter
The more contact time the activated carbon has with a pollutant, the better chances of it adsorbing it. The thicker the carbon filter the better its adsorption. If the pollutant has to go through a long maze of activated carbon its chances are also greater of being adsorbed.

A Granular Activated Carbon or A Pad Impregnated with Carbon
Granular Activated Carbon is more effective then a 1" or 2" thick impregnated carbon pad. Granular activated carbon will have much more surface area for adsorption than an impregnated pad. Also, an impregnated pad will have to be changed much for frequently then a canister of activated carbon. Keep in mind that the contact time the carbon has with a pollutant is less in a pad so its adsorption rate is
also less.

Activated Carbon Air Purifiers
Activated carbon has been known as a miracle filter media by many researchers because of its unique ability to remove offensive tastes, odors, color, chlorine and volatile organic chemicals, pesticides and tri-halomethanes (a group of suspected carcinogens). Briefly, activated carbon acts like a sponge, with a large surface area to absorb contaminants in the water. Many scientists believe this is a result of affinity that these chemicals have for carbon because of Van Der Waal forces. Activated carbon is the preferred treatment and method recommended by the EPA to remove a host of potentially hazardous and possibly carcinogenic chemicals in the air we breathe.

PCO Technology


Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a photocatalyst with a band gap energy of 3.2 eV. When TiO2 filter is irradiated with photons of less than 385 nm, the band gap energy is exceeded and an electron is promoted from the valence band to the conduction band. The resultant electron-hole pair has a lifetime in the space-charge region that enables its participation in chemical reactions.


Hydroxyl radicals and super-oxide ions are highly reactive species that will oxidize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorbed on the catalyst surface. They will also kill and decompose adsorbed bioaerosols, bacteria, viruses and fungi. The process is referred to as photo catalytic oxidation (PCO). PCO technology also features low power consumption, potentially long service life, and low maintenance requirements.